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Guatemala Spanish: República de Guatemala, is a country in Central
America bordered by
Mexico
to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize and the
Caribbean to the northeast, and
Honduras
and
El Salvador
to the southeast. A representative democracy, its capital is Guatemala City. The
nation has been stable since 1996 and has been in a state of continuous
development and economic growth. Guatemala's abundance of biologically
significant and unique ecosystems contribute to Mesoamerica's designation as a
biodiversity hotspot.
The first evidence of human settlers in Guatemala goes back to at least
12,000 BC. There is some evidence that may put this date as early as 18,000 BC,
such as obsidian arrow heads found in various parts of the country. There is
archaeological proof that early Guatemalan settlers were hunters and gatherers,
but pollen samples from Petén and the Pacific coast indicate that maize
cultivation was developed by 3500 BC. Archaic sites have been documented in
Quiché in the Highlands and Sipacate, Escuintla on the central Pacific coast
(6500 BC).
Archaeologists divide the pre-Columbian history of Mesoamerica into 3
periods: the Pre-Classic from 2000 BC to 250 AD, the Classic from 250 to 900 AD,
and the Calistic from 900 to 1500 AD. Until recently, the Pre-Classic was
regarded as a formative period, with small villages of farmers who lived in
huts, and few permanent buildings, but this notion has been challenged by recent
discoveries of monumental architecture from that period, such as an altar in La
Blanca, San Marcos, from 1000 BC; ceremonial sites at Miraflores and El Naranjo
from 801 BC; the earliest monumental masks; and the Mirador Basin cities of
Nakbé, Xulnal, El Tintal, Wakná and El Mirador.
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