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Haiti, officially the Republic of Haiti (République d'Haïti
; Repiblik Ayiti), is a Creole- and French-speaking Caribbean nation.
Along with the
Dominican Republic,
it occupies the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antillean archipelago.
Ayiti (Land on high) was the indigenous Taíno or Amerindian name for the
island. The country's highest point is Pic la Selle, at 2,680 metres (8,793 ft).
The total area of Haiti is 27,750 square kilometres (10,714 sq mi) and its
capital is Port-au-Prince.
Haiti's regional, historical, and ethnolinguistic position is unique for
several reasons. It was the first independent nation in the Caribbean, the first
post-colonial independent black-led nation in the world, and the only nation
whose independence was gained as part of a successful slave rebellion. Haiti is
the only predominantly Francophone nation in the Caribbean, and one of only two
in North America (along with Canada) which designate French as an official
language; the other French-speaking North American countries are all overseas
départements of
France.
The name Haiti comes from the Taíno word Aytí, which means
"Mountainous Land" and referred to the entire island later called Hispaniola.
The French staked their claim on the entire island based on settlement of
Tortuga and Gonâve islands by French pirates in the 16th century. France
officially incorporated the colony in the early 1600s. In 1697, with the signing
of the Treaty of Ryswick with
Spain,
the French took the western third of the island, naming their colony Saint-Domingue.
The Spanish kept control of Santo Domingo, the eastern two-thirds of the island.
Following the revolution and Saint-Domingue's declaration of independence from
France on 1 January, 1804, leader Jean-Jacques Dessalines, of African descent,
restored the original Taíno name of Haiti as an ode of honor to the Amerindian
predecessors and as a demonstration of defiance against France.
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