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The Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian:
Republik Indonesia), is a country in Southeast Asia. Comprising 17,508
islands, it is the world's largest archipelagic state. With a population of 222
million people in 2006, it is the world's fourth most populous country and the
most populous Muslim-majority nation; however, no reference is made to Islam in
the Indonesian constitution. Indonesia is a republic, with an elected
legislature and president. The nation's capital city is Jakarta. The country
shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor and
Malaysia.
Other neighboring countries include
Singapore,
the Philippines,
Australia,
and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
The Indonesian archipelago has been an important trade region since at least
the seventh century, when the Srivijaya Kingdom traded with China and India.
Local rulers gradually adopted Indian cultural, religious and political models
from the early centuries CE, and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished.
Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural
resources. Muslim traders brought Islam, and European powers fought one another
to monopolize trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery.
Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its
independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent,
with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a
democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.
Across its many islands, Indonesia consists of distinct ethnic, linguistic,
and religious groups. The Javanese are the largest and most politically dominant
ethnic group. As a unitary state and a nation, Indonesia has developed a shared
identity defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism
within a majority Muslim population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion
against it. Indonesia's national motto, "Bhinneka tunggal ika" ("Unity in
Diversity" literally, "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that
shapes the country. However, sectarian tensions and separatism have led to
violent confrontations that have undermined political and economic stability.
Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast
areas of wilderness that support the world's second highest level of
biodiversity. The country is richly endowed with natural resources, yet poverty
is a defining feature of contemporary Indonesia.
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