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El Salvador (República de El Salvador) is a country in Central America. The
area was originally called by the Pipil "Cuzhcatl", in Spanish "Cuzcatlan",
which in Nahuatl means "the land of precious things."After the Spanish conquest,
the land was baptized by Spanish conquistadors as "Provincia De Nuestro Señor
Jesucristo El Salvador Del Mundo" ("Province of Our Lord Jesus Christ, The
Savior Of The World"), now abbreviated as "República de El Salvador".
The country borders the Pacific Ocean between
Guatemala and
Honduras. With a
population of approximately 5.8 million people, it is the most densely populated
nation in Central America and is undergoing rapid industrialization. In the
early sixteenth century, the Spanish conquistadors ventured into ports to extend
their dominion to the area that would be known as El Salvador. They were firmly
resisted by the Pipil and their remaining Mayan-speaking neighbors. Pedro de
Alvarado, a lieutenant of Hernán Cortés, led the first effort by Spanish forces
in June 1524.
The people defeated the Spaniards and forced them to withdraw to Guatemala. Two
subsequent expeditions took place—the first in 1525, followed by a smaller group
in 1528—to bring the Pipil under Spanish rule.
Towards the end of 1810, a combination of internal and external factors allowed
Central American elites to attempt to gain independence from the Spanish crown.
The internal factors were mainly the interest the elites had in controlling the
territories they owned without involvement from Spanish authorities. The
external factors were the success of the
French and American
revolutions in the eighteenth century and the weakening of the military power of
the Spanish crown because of its wars against Napoleonic France. The
independence movement was consolidated on November 5, 1811, when the Salvadoran
priest, Jose Matias Delgado, sounded the bells of the Iglesia La Merced in San
Salvador, making a call for the insurrection. After many years of internal
fights, the Acta de Independencia (Act of Independence) of Central America was
signed in Guatemala on September 15, 1821. When these provinces were joined with
Mexico in early
1822, El Salvador resisted, insisting on autonomy for the Central American
countries.
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